Screenshot for the Week of 21 September 2020: "CITIZEN KANE" (1941)

Orson Welles and Joseph Cotten in Citizen Kane (1941)
D: Orson Welles  C: Greg Toland

In 1937, Orson Welles and producer John Housman formed the Mercury Theatre, a repertory theatre company that performed on the New York stage.  It included many of the actors seen later in Citizen Kane—Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorhead, Ray Collins, Ruth Warrick,  Everett Sloan, George Coulouris, Erskine Sanford, William Alland, and Paul Stewart.

In 1938, Welles obtained a time slot on CBS radio for a new show, The Mercury Theatre of the Air.  He planned to produce and direct adaptations of literary classics for him and his players to perform.  But he became famous and infamous for bringing to the airwaves an adaptation of a popular science fiction novel, H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds.  This Mercury Theatre production was so realistic in its depiction of invaders from outer space that many listeners actually believed the U.S. was under invasion and attack by space aliens.  Afterward, everyone at the water cooler talked about it whether they'd heard the broadcast or not.  It was on the quality of this one-off display of talent, audacity, and the buzz it created, that Welles secured the funding for Citizen Kane.

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Citizen Kane was loosely based on the life of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst.  In the  first three decades of the  20th century he was arguably the most powerful man in America, his newspapers reaching over 20 million readers.  His political influence was immeasurable.

The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed bankrupted Hearst.  Worse, he became a broken man.  To save his newspaper and magazine empire he was forced to borrow money, including $1 million from his lover, actress Marion Davies.  (The movie business didn't flourish during the Great Depression, but it did better than Hearst.)

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Humphrey Bogart double-feature
at the Stanford Theatre, Sept. 2017

The Stanford Theatre in Palo Alto is a vintage movie house that was built in 1925 and restored to its original glory in 1987.  There's a lot I could say about this theatre, but I'll leave it to the link in the previous sentence.  Meanwhile, this is about that movie.  And like the operators of so many theaters in California in the 1940s, still afraid of the power of William Randolph Hearst, the Stanford Theatre refused to show that movie during its 1941 release.  In fact, the Stanford Theatre showed that movie for the first time in the 1980s.

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New York premiere at the RKO
Palace Theatre, 1 May 1941

When Orson Welles co-wrote, acted in, and directed Citizen Kane, he was just 24 years old.  On some days he was 24 going on 40.  On others, 24 going on 10.  He was a born troublemaker.  He was a born showman.  He was a born actor and director.  Film historians and some of his fellow directors said he wasted the golden opportunities Citizen Kane presented to him by being lazy and uncommitted.  If that be true, one might say that was the 10-year-old inside him.

Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles are credited in the annals of film as co-writers of the script.  Welles's contribution, however, is difficult to assess.  Mankiewicz in his long career wrote or co-wrote some of Hollywood's finest scripts—the original adaptation of Anita Loos's novel and play, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1928); Dinner at Eight (1933); and The Pride of the Yankees (1942) among them.  He went to his grave insisting that he singlehandedly had written Citizen Kane and that Welles hadn't contributed so much as one word.  To my knowledge there has been no scholarly review of the script by the Writers Guild of America or any other entity to assign definitive writing credit.  Until I hear otherwise, I will assume Welles's co-writing contribution was substantial.

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Gregg Toland was the cinematographer for Citizen Kane.  His film credit marked the first time a cinematographer had his credit on a single title card, rather than grouped together with lesser credits.  He more than earned it.  His camerawork in this film is often breathtaking.  It represents the high water mark of his career.

When shooting began in June 1940 he was already considered one of the best cinematographers in the business.  He had just won an Oscar for his work on Wuthering Heights.  His brilliant work on The Grapes of Wrath (1940) was then on display in theaters.

For those who plan to watch Citizen Kane on Blu-ray or DVD, you will have a front-row seat, by and through the commentary of Roger Ebert, to a fantastic ride through the film and Toland's innovative and experimental work.  I give my highest recommendation to a separate watching of Citizen Kane with Ebert's commentary turned "on."

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Citizen Kane was Welles's debut as a director.  He directed 9 feature films in all.  When asked in 1941 who his favorite directors were he answered "John Ford, John Ford, and John Ford."  He had gone, as it were, to self-study film school by watching Ford's Stagecoach (1939) roughly 40 times.

In a poll conducted by Sight & Sound magazine (UK), pollsters asked hundreds of film professionals from around the world—directors, producers, critics, and distributors—to name their top three choices for the all-time greatest film.  This Sight & Sound poll is conducted and published once each decade.  The top 200 vote-getters make the list.

For six decades, from 1952 when the first poll was published, until 2012, Citizen Kane was voted the Greatest Film of All Time.  But in 2012, Vertigo (1958) ousted Citizen Kane for the top spot, dropping Welles's classic to number 2.  Then in 2022, a very-long long shot became number 1: Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxells (1975) (d. Chantal Akerman).  Vertigo dropped to number 2 and Citizen Kane dropped to number 3.

In the same poll Sight & Sound announced that the film industry respondents considered Orson Welles to be the 3rd greatest film director of all time.  He was well behind Alfred Hitchcock at number 1 but not far behind Jean Luc Godard at number 2.  Welles's ranking was based primarily on 3 films—Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and Touch of Evil (1958).

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Citizen Kane was nominated for 9 Oscars—Best Picture, Actor, Director, Art Direction (B&W), Cinematography (B&W), Film Editing, Sound, Musical Score, and Screenplay.  It won an Oscar for its screenplay but was panned on the other awards.  The Oscars for Best Picture, Director, Art Direction (B&W), and Cinematography (B&W) (Arthur C. Miller) went to John Ford's How Green Was My Valley.  Gary Cooper won the Best Actor Oscar for Sergeant York.

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C: Gregg Toland.  D: Orson Welles.

Screenshot of the Fortnight: "IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT" (1967)

Larry Gates, Rod Steiger, and Sidney Poitier in
In the Heat of the Night.

In the 1960s in the U.S. south, Black people couldn't drink from the same water fountains as Whites.  They couldn't use the same public restrooms, sleep in the same hotels, swim in the same pools, eat in the same restaurants, or attend the same schools.

When any of them violated any racial dos or don'ts, the punishment would not be a jail sentence. It would be terror in the form of violence meted out by the Klan or the local White "citizens' council."

When, for example, a Black youth would get into a Whites-only pool, the pool would be drained and scrubbed before Whites were allowed back in.  Simultaneously, the Black youth would be tracked to his home, and he, his family, and the entire Black community would be sent a message—Black people cannot act like White people or think they are as good as Whites, and breaches of this rule will result in violence.  This message would be delivered by a burning cross on the family's front lawn, or by the family's home being burned with the family inside, or by dragging the father up and down main street, chained to the back of a pickup truck, until he became a bloody pulp.  Looking a White woman in the eye would be considered a capital offense and frequently punished by lynching. 

White "citizen councils" put a public face on Klan activity, and they included men from all walks of life, but mostly local business men and law enforcement.  Citizens' councils enforced White supremacy with terror.  Any White man or woman on the street could begin shouting at a Black man, and that man would soon be surrounded by White men, questioned loudly, accused of an offense, and then whisked away in a vehicle.

The delusional superiority of Whites was so ingrained in them and their culture, so deeply-seated, and so central to their own identities ("If you ain't better than a N_____, who are you better than?") that tens of thousands of illiterate, penniless farmboys clamored to fight against the Union in the Civil War.  These young Whites had no vested economic interest in maintaining slavery.  Their vested interest was personal, emotional, and struck at the core of who they were.  For them, and thus for the fighting itself, the Civil War wasn't about slavery, it was about the protection and enforcement of southern White supremacy and its unwritten but unmistakable codes of conduct, including total deference and submission to any White person.

White supremacy was the reason for the Ku Klux Klan, which Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest formed after the south's defeat.  The Klan didn't go after the south's vanquisher, the U.S. government or even the north generally, seeking retribution, which it could've done with guerilla attacks on railroads and on remote military outposts.  Instead, it went after southern Blacks, to scare the populace into submission and to punish specific individuals for thinking on some level that they were entitled to the same things, the same everyday privileges, that White people had.

For nearly four hundred years, slavery was a means for slaveowners to lighten their daily physical burden of putting food on the table by "wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces."  But I'm convinced that the motive of maintaining slavery and slave-trading was limited to the owner class.  The masses didn't own slaves, and for them, slavery was about keeping Blacks in the lowest spot in the pecking order. For the mass of Whites, the fight was always about White supremacy.

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In this landmark film, Philadelphia police detective Virgil Tibbs arrives in a foreign country: Mississippi, a far cry and a century and a half from modern-day Pennsylvania.  White Mississippians haven't moved beyond the antebellum era in their racial attitudes and assumptions.  One White character, looking at Tibbs wearing a nice suit, says "What you doin' wearin' White man's clothes?"  In another scene, Tibbs is dropped off at the home and car-repair business of a Black man.  The man asks Tibbs where he's staying.  Tibbs says he's going to find a hotel room.  The man laughs and turns to his wife and says "We've got company!"

There is a scene in which we see Tibbs trotting up some steps leading from the sidewalk to the entrance of a hotel.  Again he's dressed in a suit.  The scene was filmed in 1966, two years after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed racial discrimination in hotels and other places of public accommodation like restaurants, restrooms, trains, etc.  The scene was shot from across the street and a little ways down the block, and we can see the entire front of the hotel and the area near the hotel entrance.

We see Tibbs briskly mount the steps, passing two White men.  One of them looks toward Tibbs, turns and looks at his friend with incredulity on his face, and then says something to his friend that we can't hear or lipread.  His reaction to Tibbs is so realistic that it must have been real.  Perhaps the man was a local, out and about for the morning, and the production crew used him as a paid extra.  It's possible he might've said, "That was Sidney Poitier, can you believe it!"  But more likely he said something like, "Did you see that N_____  goin' in there all high and mighty like he was a White man!"

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Sidney Poitier had been making movies and paying his dues for twenty years when he starred in In the Heat of the Night.  He landed his first credited role in 1950 as a prison doctor threatened by racist prisoners in No Way Out.  He impressed audiences and critics in 1954 as a troubled but gifted student in The Blackboard Jungle, starring Glenn Ford as one of his teachers.  He outshined his White co-star Tony Curtis in The Defiant Ones (1958).  In the film adaptation of Porgy and Bess (1959), Poitier received top billing for the first time. In 1961 he took top billing in the film adaptation of Lorraine Hansberry's Broadway classic, A Raisin in the Sun.  And he won the Oscar for Best Actor for his performance as a day laborer working for nuns in Lilies of the Field (1963).

Between December 1965 and December 1967, four films were released starring Poitier—A Patch of Blue (1965); To Sir, with Love (1966); In the Heat of the Night (1967); and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967).

In the Heat of the Night won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor.  For his work in this film, Rod Steiger was nominated for the Oscar.  Sidney Poitier was not.  Steiger won the golden statuette, but Poitier owned this movie.  He plays the central character, and his performance is riveting.  Virgil Tibbs is the straw that stirs the drink here.  Almost every word in the film is spoken by Tibbs, to Tibbs, or about Tibbs.  Nearly all actions by other characters are reactions to Tibbs.

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The cinematographer for In the Heat of the Night was Haskell Wexler, a two-time Oscar-winner, a true artist behind the camera, and one of the greatest cinematographers of the modern era.

Wexler did fantastic work on many films of inferior quality.  But some of the best include The Best Man (1964); Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) [Oscar]; In the Heat of the Night (1967); The Conversation (1974); One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975); Bound for Glory (1976) [Oscar]; Coming Home (1978); and Matewan (1987).

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In the Heat of the Night was added to the National Film Registry in 2002.  It is part of The Criterion Collection, spine #959.  I have ranked it #12 on my list of 101 Favorite Films.

Screenshot of the Fortnight: "LEAVE HER TO HEAVEN" (1945)

Leave Her to Heaven (1945) is film noir in color.  Purists argue that film noir in color is an oxymoron, that a noir film is by definition a black-and-white film.  Plenty of critics and scholars agree.  Well, I disagree.

I say that if a color movie would undoubtedly qualify as film noir if it had been filmed in black-and-white, then it's film noir.

Only one other color film that I'm aware of—Niagara (1953), with Joseph Cotten and Marilyn Monroe—is routinely included in lists of noir films.  Some critics and scholars even include Vertigo (1958).

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Gene Tierney plays so far against type in Leave Her to Heaven that audiences must have wondered where this actress had been for five years.  She always played a beautiful, captivating … someone.  [SPOILER ALERT!]  In this film she plays Ellen Berent, a beautiful, captivating psychopath and child-murderer.  In an American film in 1945, who kills a kid?  The scene in which she commits this heinous act is shocking.  You knew Ellen was bad.  But you didn't know she was that bad. [END SPOILER ALERT!]

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If you say that Gene Tierney was the most beautiful woman of all time in the movies, I would not argue the point.  My pick would be Hedy Lamarr.  But Tierney would surely be one of the top five or six.  (I would nominate her, Hedy Lamarr, Ava Gardner, Elizabeth Taylor, Norma Shearer, and Grace Kelly.)  Tierney was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1920.  In 1940 she played the leading female role in the Broadway production of The Male Animal.  Two weeks after its opening, Darryl F. Zanuck, studio boss at 20th Century Fox, was in the audience.  He was so taken by Tierney's beauty and physical presence that he told his assistant to note her name.  Later that night he went to the Stork Club and saw a beautiful woman dancing.  Zanuck told his assistant, "Forget that girl from the play.  See if you can sign that one."  The woman was Gene Tierney.

In her early films she worked with some of Hollywood's best directors: Fritz Lang (her screen debut in The Return of Frank James [1940]), John Ford (Tobacco Road [1941]), Henry Hathaway (Sundown [1941], China Girl [1942]), Josef von Sternberg (The Shanghai Gesture [1941]), Rouben Mamoulian (Rings on Her Fingers [1942]), and Ernst Lubitsch (Heaven Can Wait [1943]).  From Belle Starr (1941), her fourth film, to the mid-1950s when she all but retired from Hollywood, she was the leading lady in all her work.

Her big breakthrough came in 1944 when she played the title role in Laura, directed by Otto Preminger.  Like her next film, this was classic film noir. [SPOILER ALERT!]  In it, Laura is the victim of a murder.  Police detective MacPherson (Dana Andrews) is investigating.  Laura's fiance (Vincent Price) and a friend, Waldo Lydecker (Clifton Webb), are hanging around, making themselves useless.  And then, less than halfway into the film, Laura appears, alive and well.  Someone had tried and failed to kill her.  Who?  The investigation continues till its inevitable conclusion. [END SPOILER ALERT!]

After Leave Her to Heaven, Tierney enjoyed success in film after film, starting with The Razor's Edge (1946) with Tyrone Power; followed by The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947) with Rex Harrison; and a pair of films directed by Otto Preminger, Whirlpool (1949) and Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950).

Her acting career effectively came to an end in 1953 when she began to descend into severe mental illness.  She dropped out of her role in Mogambo (1953), a remake of  the pre-Code classic Red Dust (1932).  Tierney's mental illness led to numerous hospitalizations over the years and more than thirty electroshock therapies.  She died in 1991, 2 weeks before her 71st birthday.

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Leon Shamroy was the Director of Photography on this film, and he won an Oscar for his work.  Shamroy has the distinction of sharing the record for most Oscar nominations for cinematography (18, with Charles Lang) and sharing the record for most Oscar wins for cinematography (4, with Joseph Ruttenberg).

His list of credits includes The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (1939), The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939), The Black Swan (1942) (Oscar), Stormy Weather (1943), Wilson (1944) (Oscar), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945), State Fair (1945), Leaver Her to Heaven (1945) (Oscar), Forever Amber (1947), Twelve O'clock High (1949), Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), David and Bathsheba (1951), The Robe (1953), There's No Business Like Show Business (1954), Daddy Long Legs (1955), Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (1955), The King and I (1956), South Pacific (1958), North to Alaska (1960), Cleopatra (1963) (Oscar), The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965), and Planet of the Apes (1968).

In 1946 he shot Marilyn Monroe's first Technicolor screen test.  In reflecting on this later, he said, "I thought, 'This girl could be another Harlow.'  Her natural beauty plus her inferiority complex gave her a look of mystery.  I got a cold chill.  This girl had something I hadn't seen since silent pictures."

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Screenwriter Jo Swerling was one of the greatest in movie history.  He was also one of the most overlooked and underappreciated screenwriters of all time.  His credits include Platinum Blonde (1931), Lady by Choice (1934), The Westerner (1940), Blood and Sand (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), Lifeboat (1944), Leave Her to Heaven (1945), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) (additional scenes), and Guys and Dolls (1955) (adaptation).  He was nominated for one Oscar, The Pride of the Yankees (along with co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz).

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Leave Her to Heaven was the highest-grossing film of the 1940s for 20th Century Fox.

Screenshot for the Week of 29 March 2021: "WINGS" (1927)

Clara Bow in Wings (1927)

Wings (1927) tells the story of two young men and one young woman.  [SPOILER ALERT!] The two fellas start out adversaries because of the woman, they join the Army when the U.S. enters what would become known as World War One, they become friends, and then they become fighter pilot friends.  Meanwhile, the woman joins the women's auxiliary service and becomes an ambulance driver in France where the two men are stationed.  [END SPOILER ALERT!]  It's a silent film from the year "talkies" made their debuts.  And it was the first film to be awarded an Oscar for "Outstanding Picture," the forerunner of the "Best Picture" award.

Its director, William Wellman, was a standout director at a time in Hollywood when producers controlled all the creative aspects of a movie and the director was just an employee the producer hired to do a job.  Wellman would go on to direct The Public Enemy (1931), Call of the Wild (1935), A Star Is Born (1937), Nothing Sacred (1937), Dead End (1937), Beau Geste (1939), The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), The Story of G.I. Joe (1945), Battleground (1949), and The High and the Mighty (1954), among many other films.

Between 1926 and 1930 the biggest and most bankable star at Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation (later, Paramount Pictures) was Clara Bow, the world's top box office draw for three of those five years.  [SPOILER ALERT!]  After she landed the starring role in Wings, she easily got her then-boyfriend a small but impactful role in the movie as a doomed fighter pilot.  Cadet White makes a brief appearance but an unforgettable impression on his fellow pilots and on moviegoers, with the actor almost exploding onto the screen.  Audiences loved the 26-year-old, and his career began to take off.  His name: Gary Cooper. [END SPOILER ALERT!]

Wings tapped into America's hero-worship of the men who turned the tide in the war in 1917 and the women who risked their lives in supporting positions.  It is a touching movie, visually stunning at times, and features realistic aerial dogfights and special effects.

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In 1933, the M.G.M film Bombshell hit the theaters.  Jean Harlow, herself a wildly popular actor, plays Lola Burns, the world's number-one box office draw, living in a palatial Beverly Hills estate with servants waiting on her hand and foot, living an ideal life—well, it might have been ideal except that too many family members were hanging around asking for handouts; her agent was a weasel; and her studio publicity department constantly fed the tabloid press lurid untrue stories.  It was enough to make a star wish that she weren't a star at all.  Welcome to the world of Clara Bow.

She was born into poverty in Brooklyn, New York, in 1905.  Her mother was in and out of institutions during much of her childhood.  Her father was a violent man.  He raped her when she was 16, and might have continued his incestuous hold over her well into her stardom years.

When she arrived in Hollywood in 1922, full of talent and energy, she began making friends with the right kind of people—studio boss and producer B.P. Schulberg, director Frank Tuttle, newspaper reporter Adela Rogers St. Johns, and gossip columnist Louella Parsons.  They all came to her defense later on when the tabloids began to rip her life apart.

Between her film debut in Beyond the Rainbow (1922), in which she had 14th billing, and her triumph in Wings (1927) with top-billing as a volunteer ambulance driver for the allies in France, she earned notice and praise in film after film, thirty-eight in that stretch of time, playing flapper girls and ingenues and what were then called "tomboys," knocking competitor veteran female actors aside with her talent and growing popularity, building a huge loyal audience and, along with it, Hollywood leverage.

In early 1927, Paramount Famous Lasky released It, with Clara Bow in the role of a young woman on the make blatantly using her sexuality and sex ("it") to get what she wants.  She was so spellbinding in the role that the nickname which word-of-mouth created would follow her till death and beyond: "the It girl."

She lived a private life publicly thanks to the tabloid press who followed her wherever she went.  And what the tabloids couldn't uncover or effectively embellish, they invented.  But she gave them plenty of stories just being herself without any discernible self-restraint. Though she didn't advertise her promiscuity, she made no effort to hide it.  She used colorful street language when talking to anyone but children.

By 1933—between the family parasites she attracted, always with their hands out, and the unrelenting tabloid voyeurism—she couldn't stand it anymore.  She retired from movies at age 28 and settled down as a rancher in Nevada.  She died in 1965.

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The great Edith Head was the costume designer for Wings, winner of the first Best Picture Oscar.  She was also the costume designer for 18 other Best Picture nominees, including Going My Way (1944), Double Indemnity (1944), The Lost Weekend (1945), Sunset Blvd. (1950), A Place in the Sun (1951), Shane (1953), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), and The Sting (1973), plus other notable movies like Samson and Delilah (1949), Ace in the Hole (1951), White Christmas (1954), To Catch a Thief (1955), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), Funny Face (1957), Vertigo (1958), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962).  Over her long career with 435 credits, she earned 35 Oscar nominations and won 8 times, the most honored costume designer in film history.

She dressed many of the greatest leading women in Hollywood--Ginger Rogers, Ingrid Bergman, Grace Kelly, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbara Stanwyck, Bette Davis, Rita Hayworth, Audrey Hepburn, Shirley MacLaine, and Jane Wyman.

In the 1970s she received the U.S. Coast Guard's Meritorious Public Service Award for designing a woman's uniform for that service.

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Director William Wellman was occasionally a writer.  And he wrote a story that he turned into the screenplay for A Star Is Born (1937), a movie that has been made four times.

In the 1930s, Barbara Stanwyck and her husband Frank Fay were busy and popular entertainers.  When they met, fell in love, and got married, he was the bigger star.  But soon she began to eclipse him in both talent and popularity.  His "drinking problem" got worse with each passing year.  Friends were concerned that his alcoholism would manage to destroy Stanwyck's career, which seemed to have no limits.  But she stood by her husband, year after year, until she couldn't do it anymore.

William Wellman was a friend of both.  He had directed her in Night Nurse (1931), a picture in which she gave a noteworthy performance.  And in the midst of watching what was happening to the couple he wrote a story about a marriage between two stars being destroyed by alcoholism, with one star on the rise and the other on the decline.  The studio never said A Star Is Born was based on a true story.  But Hollywood was still a company town and very much a small town in a big city.  Everyone in Hollywood could see it was a true story.  And everyone in Hollywood could see who the couple were.

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The art direction in Wings is outstanding.  But the viewer must look past the sometimes clumsy, sometimes pedestrian camerawork to see it.  It helps to freeze-frame Wings periodically or, better yet, take selective screenshots of the movie.  The cameraman was occasionally brilliant and light was occasionally shed on this masterful production.

The uncredited art director for Wings was Hans Dreier.  His stellar and long résumé of films, receiving no credit in almost every one of his early ones, includes The Smiling Lieutenant (1931); Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931); Shanghai Express (1932); A Farewell to Arms (1932); Trouble in Paradise (1932); Island of Lost Souls (1932); I'm No Angel (1933); Duck Soup (1933); Design for Living (1933); Anything Goes (1936); The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936) (the first feature-length film shot and shown in color); The Plainsman (1936); Midnight (1939); Union Pacific (1939); Beau Geste (1939); Northwest Mounted Police (1940); The Lady Eve (1941); Sullivan's Travels (1941); This Gun for Hire (1942); Holiday Inn (1942); The Palm Beach Story (1942); I Married a Witch (1942); The Road to Morocco (1942); For Whom the Bell Tolls (1942); and Double Indemnity (1944), among his 549 films over a span of 35 years.

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The original pair of negatives for Wings were lost.  For decades after its release, Wings was considered a "lost" film.  But in 1992 a spare print was found in the archive of Cinémathèque Française in Paris.  It was quickly copied and shown in American theaters.

Then a few years later a spare negative was discovered in a Paramount Studios vault.  It was meticulously restored and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2012.

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Wings was added to the National Film Registry in 1997.

Screenshot for the Week of 15 March 2021: "OUT OF THE PAST" (1947)

 

Robert Mitchum and Jane Greer in Out of the Past (1947)

Raise your hand if you've never seen this film.  I'm always surprised—and in fact a little disappointed with myself—whenever I see an old movie I've never seen before, never even heard of it, and it turns out to be great.  That was Out of the Past (1947) for me about fifteen years ago.  This is classic film noir.  It was selected for the National Film Registry in 1991, and Roger Ebert included it on his list of "Greatest Movies."  He called it "one of the greatest of all films noir." 

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Robert Mitchum plays Jeff Bailey, the owner of an automotive service station in Bridgeport, a small town, a real town, on U.S. 395 in eastern California.  The film opens at Bailey's service station.  A man from out of his past shows up, and the movie instantly and irreversibly drives into the land of noir.

As it turns out, my wife and I drive through Bridgeport twice on every trip we take to Death Valley.  We most recently passed through the town in 2016.  For all I know, the covid-19 pandemic has decimated it.  In 2016 it was a quiet, semi-bustling food and fuel stop, mostly for those traveling between Lake Tahoe and Los Angeles.  When I first saw Out of the Past, I was familiar enough with Bridgeport that I easily recognized it in the movie, even in black and white, and I could see that it hadn't changed much in sixty years.

A fair amount of film footage was shot on location in and around Bridgeport and at some grand Lake Tahoe mansion that reminds me of Vikingsholm, a beautiful 38-room Nordic mansion in what is now Emerald Bay State Park.  My wife and I visited Vikingsholm about thirty years ago.  I would almost swear Out of the Past was shot there.  Whether or not Vikingsholm stood in for Whit Sterling's (Kirk Douglas's) lakeside home, there's good news: tours of the "castle" are available during the summer.  It has a rich history, and it's well worth the time and effort.

The Bridgeport Fire Department is located on the site of the service station that stood in for "Jeff Bailey's Mono Motor Service."  (Bridgeport is in Mono [MOE-noe] County.)  Ken's Sporting Goods is on the site of the diner that stood in for "Marney's Cafe."

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Robert Mitchum worked on an assembly line at Lockheed Aircraft during WWII.  Next to him on the assembly line was a man named Jim Dougherty.  And every day, Dougherty's wife made him the same kind of egg sandwich to take to work.  One day Mitchum told Dougherty that his wife should learn how to make a proper lunch for her man.  Dougherty replied that his wife had other assets that made the sandwiches tolerable, and he offered to show Mitchum the photo of his wife that he always carried with him.  Mitchum, deadpan, said "I hope she looks better than that egg sandwich."  She did.  Two years later she left her husband to pursue a modeling and Hollywood film career and changed her name from Norma Dougherty to Marilyn Monroe.

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Jane Greer plays Kathie Moffat, one of the most riveting femmes fatale in the film noir pantheon.  She was born Bettyjane Greer in 1924 in Washington D.C.  At age 18, rising in her career as a model, she made the cover of LIFE magazine.  Independent film producer Howard Hughes saw her photo (literally, just saw her) and told an underling, "Go find that girl and sign her."

When she arrived in Hollywood with her 7-year contract in hand, it didn't take long for Hughes to try to seduce her.  She rebuffed his advances.  He pressured her again and again.  He became obsessed with her.  In retaliation for her lack of cooperation, he refused to assign her any film roles. Fortunately for her, she managed to meet and then marry a Hollywood A-lister, Rudy Vallee, in December 1943.  Vallee pulled some strings and got her out of her contract with Hughes. Still obsessed with Greer, however, Hughes continued to hound her during her marriage.  That marriage lasted but three months.  She and Vallee separated in March 1944 and divorced in July.  Greer returned to Hughes's production company, and he finally succeeded in his conquest.

Greer made Out of the Past for RKO in 1946.  The movie was released in December 1947.  Hughes bought RKO shortly afterward.

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David Sarnoff, the founder and chairman of the boards of RCA and NBC, also founded RKO, along with Kennedy family patriarch Joseph P. Kennedy.  RKO made monumental films like Cimarron (1931), the first of only three westerns to win the Oscar for Best Picture, the others being Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992); Morning Glory (1933), for which Katharine Hepburn won the first of her four Oscars for Best Actress; King Kong (1933); all of the Astaire-Rogers dance musicals, from Flying Down to Rio (1933) through The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939); Annie Oakley (1935); Stage Door (1937); Bringing Up Baby (1938); Gunga Din (1939); The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939); Citizen Kane (1941); The Little Foxes (1941); Suspicion (1941); Ball of Fire (1941); The Magnificent Ambersons (1942); The Pride of the Yankees (1942); Cat People (1942); Journey Into Fear (1943); Tall in the Saddle (1944); The Bells of St. Mary's (1945); Notorious (1946); The Best Years of Our Lives (1946); It's a Wonderful Life (1946); The Farmer's Daughter (1947); Out of the Past (1947); and The Bishop's Wife (1947).

RKO began a slow spiraling decline in 1948 after Hughes took over the studio.  It filed for bankruptcy in 1959 and ceased film operations.

Screenshot for a Fortnight: "REAR WINDOW" (1954) (01 March to 14 March 2021)

James Stewart in Rear Window (1954)

[SPOILER ALERT!] A man who makes his living closely observing the world as a photographer finds himself wheelchair-bound in his apartment with nothing better to keep boredom away than voyeurism.  With his windows and blinds open, he trains his eyes and ears on the world of his neighbors—the composer, the couple with the dog, Miss Lonelyhearts, Miss Torso, the salesman and his wife, the artist, and the newlyweds.  What he sees and hears leads him to conclude that one of those neighbors is a murderer. [END SPOILER ALERT]

Grace Kelly

Wendell Corey

Kelly and Stewart

Thelma Ritter and Stewart

 

Rear Window (1954) is based on a story by Cornell Woolrich entitled "It Had to Be Murder," which in turn is based on an H.G. Wells story, "Through a Window."  

Woolrich was a prolific noir fiction writer, publishing dozens of novels and hundreds of stories during his long career.  He garnered early success in his hometown of New York writing and publishing six jazz age novels between 1926 and 1932.  After winning a $10,000 writing contest sponsored by First National Pictures he abruptly took a job at First National in Hollywood writing screenplays, or trying to write them.  Within two years he returned to New York and began to write pulp noir fiction.

Despite accumulating wealth as a writer, he lived with his mother for 25 years in a series of seedy hotels, mingling with prostitutes, thieves, killers, and other lowlifes.  From the time of his mother's death in 1957 until his own death in 1968, however, he lived in more civilized lodgings on the upper west side and mingled with his colleagues and young admirers in the unofficial New York hangouts of the Mystery Writers of America.

Alfred Hitchcock and James Stewart formed a partnership in 1953 and bought the rights to "It Had to Be Murder" to make this film.

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John Michael Hayes was Alfred Hitchcock's favorite screenwriter, until he wasn't.  Rear Window was their first film together.

The Woolrich story has no romantic subplot, and Jeff's disability isn't revealed until the last paragraph.  Hayes made these two storylines prominent in his screenplay.

He also took this dialogue from "It Had to Be Murder"—  

Did any of them see her leave, according to your man? …  Then all you've gotten is a second-hand version of an unsupported statement by him.  Not an eyewitness account.

—and turned it into this:

Well, what good's his information?  It's a second-hand version of an unsupported story by the murderer himself—Thorwald.  Now, did anybody actually see the wife get on the train?

He took the insipid character of Sam in Woolrich's story and created a funny and insightful replacement, Stella, the insurance company nurse.  He then split the sounding-board duties between Stella and Jeff's romantic partner played by Grace Kelly.

Hayes continued his successful collaboration with Hitchcock on To Catch a Thief (1955), The Trouble with Harry (1955), and The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956).  But something fell apart between them after Hayes had written The Man Who Knew Too Much, and Hitchcock decided to leave Hayes's name off the credits and give another writer, Angus MacPhail—who had contributed some minor help early on—full credit for the screenplay.  Hayes took Hitchcock to arbitration, won his case, and his name replaced MacPhail's as the sole screenwriter.  Thus Hayes's relationship with Alfred Hitchcock came to a bitter end.

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Rear Window was one of the "Five Lost Hitchcocks," so-called, because after their theatrical releases the director bought back each movie's rights.  For three decades the films were tied up, first by Hitchcockian fiat and then, after his death, by litigation over re-distribution rights.  The other four films were Rope (1948), The Trouble with Harry (1955), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), and Vertigo (1958).  They all became available for re-distribution in 1984.

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The film was shot on an enormous set at Paramount Pictures built specially for Rear Window.  It took fifty workers two months to build it at a cost of $100,000 ($2.2 million in 2023).  It was four stories high and contained thirty-one apartments, including twelve that were fully furnished.  Georgine Darcy—"Miss Torso"—lived in her character's apartment during the filming.

The courtyard was constructed in what had been the studio basement before a crew excavated and prepped it for this movie.  Jeff's second-story apartment was actually on street level in the real world.

The set was a legend in its own time and was the object of an unusually high number of visitors to a Hitchcock set as well as the object of photo spreads in several magazines, including LIFE, while the movie was being shot.  Hitchcock kept his base of operations inside Jeff's apartment throughout the filming, and he communicated with the actors in the other apartments via radio-frequency transmission to earpieces they wore.

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Rear Window was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Director, Screenplay, Cinematography, and Sound.  It ranks at number 48 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Greatest Films, number 53 on the British Film Institute's 2012 list of the 100 Greatest Films, and number 8 on My 25 Favorite Movies list.

Screenshot for the Week of 22 February 2021: "BABY FACE" (1933)

Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Barrat in Baby Face (1933)

Baby Face (1933) is one of my favorite pre-Code movies.  Barbara Stanwyck plays a saloon waitress who rises to the top of New York society using sex, pure and simple.  She gives a mic-drop performance.

I consider her the greatest actor, male or female, of the 1930s, arguably the greatest of the Golden Age of Hollywood.  To see how good she was, I highly recommend the following pre-Code films.  Start with Baby Face (1933), then see The Miracle Woman (1931), then Illicit (1931), Forbidden (1932), Night Nurse (1931), and Shopworn (1932). For further evidence, see Annie Oakley (1935), Stella Dallas (1937), Remember the Night (1940), The Lady Eve (1941), Meet John Doe (1941), Ball of Fire (1941), and Double Indemnity (1944).

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Barbara Stanwyck made 86 theatrical films in her career, first as a contract player for Columbia Pictures, then Warner Bros. where she made Baby Face, and then back to Columbia, followed by many years as a freelancer.  She starred in several short-lived TV shows, one long-running show, The Big Valley, and guest-starred in many others.

She was born Ruby Stevens on July 16, 1907.  Her mother saw talent in young Ruby and enrolled her in dance school at the age of 3.  Within a year, she and her older brother Malcolm were orphans—her mother died after being pushed off a streetcar, and her grieving father abandoned his children two weeks later, never to be seen again by anyone in the family.  Their half-siblings (by their father) were grownups, married with children of their own and had no time for the orphans.  Thereafter, they virtually lived in the streets.

When he was old enough, Malcolm wanted to quit school and work to support himself and his little sister.  But Ruby thought he should stay in school, so at the age of 14 she began working at a series of odd jobs until just before her 16th birthday when she found work as a chorus dancer in vaudeville.  Soon she was working in the Ziegfeld Follies as an actress and a chorus girl.  She posed—possibly before her 18th birthday—for several risque, semi-nude photos for famed Ziegfeld photographer, Alfred Cheney Johnston.

By the time she landed her first credited film role, she had changed her acting name to Barbara Stanwyck.  Also, she had married a man whose name is now lost to history, but from the early 1920s through the mid-1930s, Frank Fay was widely known and respected on Broadway as an entertainer, impresario, and producer.  He was also known to drink a little too much sometimes.  His biggest fan was none other than James Cagney, who thought Fay was an "utter revelation."  He said, "[Fay] let us see only himself. …  I tried to keep in mind that constant composure he maintained.  A dynamic composure, if that's not a contradiction in terms.  That was his secret.  I tried to learn that."

Frank Fay and Barbara worked together on stage during their marriage, in plays and in vaudeville, even after they moved to California in 1928.  But before they moved, Barbara's reputation as an actress and a star began to eclipse that of her husband.  Fay's drinking worsened.

Barbara made five films with Frank Capra at Columbia Pictures, including four early in her career, during the pre-Code era.  The first was Ladies of Leisure (1930).  After a rough day on the set, she came home in tears, which was unlike Barbara.  Capra told studio boss Harry Cohn, "She isn't an actress, she's a porcupine."  Frank Fay called Capra and lit into him angrily.  Capra told Fay, "She came in here with a chip on her shoulder, and went out with an ax on it.…  She'll never work for me again!"  But the two finished Ladies of Leisure.  It was a commercial and critical success.

Capra changed the rules for filming to accommodate Barbara's unique brand of pressure she brought on herself.  He wouldn't let her see the "rushes," because it interfered with her connection to her character.  He rehearsed everyone else thoroughly, but saved Barbara's work for that first take, when she could and would let herself go emotionally and totally inhabit the character.

Capra brought out the best in Barbara, and their working chemistry was obvious to everyone on set, especially the crew members Capra used on each of his movies.  The sound man, for instance, overheard conversations no one else heard.  Meanwhile, Frank Fay's alcoholism accelerated when he suspected his wife was having an affair with Capra.  (She wasn't.)  Fay became emotionally and physically abusive toward Barbara.  At one point, Capra asked her to leave Fay so he could marry her, but she was determinedly loyal to her husband.  Capra's and Stanwyck's emotionally close relationship worked to their advantage in those early days and was rekindled in 1941 when they made their last movie together, Meet John Doe.

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This film is not a Capra film and is miraculously good, mostly because of Barbara's performance and her command of every scene she's in.  By the same token, the director and producers had nothing on their résumés that signaled they had this level of talent.  One name stands out in the credits, however: screenwriter Darryl F. Zanuck, the man who would soon lead 20th Century Fox for nearly thirty years.  In the 1920s and early 1930s, Zanuck was a legendary—and legendarily quick—screenwriter.  In 1933, he was not only writing scripts for Warner Bros; he ran the studio as head of production.  So, as head of production and author of the script, we can safely assume he shepherded Baby Face through production and onto the screen.  Today, it is a landmark of the pre-Code era.

Screenshot for the Week of 15 February 2021: "NOTORIOUS" (1946)

Secret agent Devlin (Cary Grant), looking at a hungover Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman) as she looks at him from her bed in Notorious (1946).

Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious (1946) has a lot to keep your interest—Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, espionage, Nazi villains, suspense, intrigue, romance, plus excellent camerawork.  What's missing from Mr. Hitchcock's usual bag of tricks is humor.  This is not a criticism.  I simply enjoy Hitchcock's sense of humor, and I miss it when it isn't there.

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Pretty-boy actors, like beautiful female actors, have always had the burden of proof.  Do they have acting talent or are they just pretty faces?

Early in his career, Cary Grant wasn't given much to work with.  In most of those roles he was just a pretty face.  From This Is the Night (1932) through The Toast of New York (1937), with one exception, he delivered one mailed-in performance after another.  The exception was Sylvia Scarlet (1935) with Katharine Hepburn, the first of their four pairings.  Under the direction of George Cukor, Grant received excellent reviews for his performance, and he always considered Sylvia Scarlet the breakthrough of his career.

He broadened his comic chops with notable performances in The Awful Truth (1937); Bringing Up Baby (1938), pairing him again with Katharine Hepburn; Holiday (1938), again playing opposite Katharine Hepburn; His Girl Friday (1940); My Favorite Wife (1940); and The Philadelphia Story (1940), yet another pairing with Katharine Hepburn.

It might surprise you to know that after 1934, Cary Grant was a freelancer, not under a long-term contract with any studio, free to make one-picture deals with the highest bidder.  And oh, the bidding was high.  He went from $750 a week to $2,500 a week virtually overnight.  By 1937 he was earning $50,000 per picture plus 10% of the gross.  By The Bishop's Wife (1947), he was earning $500,000 per picture.

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I'm incredulous that Ted Tetzlaff was given the title of Director of Photography on Notorious.  It's incredible because most of Hitchcock's cinematographers got their credits as cinematographers, not DoPs.  On most of his movies, Hitchcock was his own uncredited DoP.  I don't know which of them was responsible for the camera positioning for that screenshot of Cary Grant up there.  

Tetzlaff also shot My Man Godfrey (1936), Road to Zanzibar (1941), and I Married a Witch (1942).  He had been working his craft for twenty years before Notorious, and had gotten the more prestigious title of DoP only 15 times in 114 films.  He was nominated for one Oscar in his 33-year career.

Tetzlaff and Hitch had a hitch of their own when Hitchcock told Tetzlaff to film Ingrid Bergman and Cary Grant with a light aimed at the backs of their necks as the motorcycle cop is supposedly pulling them over.  Irritated, Tetzlaff said, "Getting a bit technical, aren't you, Pop?"  Perhaps it was only a coincidence: Tetzlaff retired from camerawork after Notorious and switched to directing.

[SPOILER ALERT!] Hitchcock was the first filmmaker to see the Nazi threat for what it was and to do something about it.  His guerilla war against the Nazis via film was the mainstay of his work from 1935 through 1946.  He went after them in The 39 Steps (1935), well before the start of World War II, although he took great pains not to identify the "enemy."  His war continued with The Lady Vanishes (1938) and arguably Sabotage (1936).  After Germany invaded Poland, and England entered the war, he continued his guerilla attacks with Foreign Correspondent (1940), Saboteur (1942), and Lifeboat (1944).  And now, in 1946, with Hitler dead and Germany defeated and occupied by the allied countries, Hitchcock is chasing the fleeing Nazis to South America.

[SPOILER ALERT!] Ingrid Bergman's native country, Sweden, was famously neutral on the world stage and had been so since the 19th Century.  This policy of neutrality continued through both World War I and World War II and is still its policy.  Between the wars Sweden was a strong supporter of the League of Nations and devoted its energies to preserving the League rather than building its military.  Throughout WWII it provided some assistance to both sides, although to my eyes Sweden seemed to favor the allies.  And in 1942 it quickly began to rebuild its military and armaments to deter a possible Nazi invasion.

[SPOILER ALERT!] I think two things in the Notorious moviegoer's consciousness would have made Ingrid Bergman in the role of Alicia Huberman instantly credible: Bergman's Swedish background in light of her country's legendary neutrality; and the memory of her performance in Casablanca (1942) as Ilsa Lund, a Swede married to the world famous Nazi-fighter Victor Lazslo. [END OF SPOILER ALERT!]

Ingrid Bergman made her Hollywood film debut in 1939 with the remake of a 1936 Swedish film, Intermezzo.  By the time she began work on Notorious, she had already worked with some of the greatest actors in the movies—Humphrey Bogart, Gary Cooper, Leslie Howard, Spencer Tracy, and Charles Boyer.

The verb "to gaslight" is a term used by psychiatrists and psychologists to describe the actions of a person or entity engaging in an elaborate, insidious, consistent, and relentless campaign of deception and psychological manipulation, usually against one victim, for the purpose of increasing the gaslighter's power over the victim by convincing the victim that his or her vision of reality is 180 degrees off.  Ultimately, this campaign, if unchecked, renders the victim pathologically dependent on the gaslighter and on his thinking and feelings.

When "gaslighting" broke out of its professional moorings and came into vogue a few years ago, it retained its professional definition.  But soon the verb morphed into a second definition which eliminates the pathological components and reduces it to a term that refers to repeated denials accompanied by plausible cover stories.  And because of that, I assume most users have no idea where the term originated.

As most Ingrid Bergman fans would know, even when hearing "gaslighting" for the first time, the term comes from the 1944 gothic suspense classic, Gaslight.  [SPOLIER ALERT!—FOR GASLIGHT (1944)] In it, Charles Boyer, playing the husband, slowly poisons the mind of his wife, Paula, played by Ingrid Bergman, so she can't tell what's real and what isn't.  Throughout the movie he takes advantage of every opportunity to lie and manipulate reality to make Paula think she's going crazy.

He wants her to distrust her own eyes and ears and memory to prevent her from catching on to his longstanding criminal scheme—having murdered her Aunt Alice in her home many years earlier in a thwarted jewel robbery, having set up his encountering Paula for the first time, having maneuvered to marry her, and having maneuvered to move into her aunt's old house, he now rummages in the attic to find the precious jewels for which he had killed so long ago.  Among many other shenanigans, he tells Paula she's imagining the gas lamp dim and re-illuminate by itself—am I crazy? or is the ghost of Aunt Alice doing it?—when in actuality it dims when he turns a gas lamp on in the attic and re-illuminates when he turns it off.  Bergman won the Oscar for Best Actress for her performance in this film. [END OF GASLIGHT SPOILER ALERT!]

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David O. Selznick was a Hollywood legend, wunderkind, and ogre.  As a wunderkind he produced dozens of films for M.G.M. from 1928 to 1932 and gained the notice and favor of the boss, Louis B. Mayer, as well as the hand in marriage of the boss's daughter, Irene, in 1930.  As a wedding gift, Irene's father paid for the custom-building of a Beverly Hills mansion.  The Selznicks divorced in 1948.  Meanwhile, Selznick's star in the movie business continued to rise.  He moved to Paramount and then R.K.O. where he became head of production and produced King Kong (1933) among many other films.  He then returned to M.G.M. where his father-in-law gave him his own production unit.  With it he produced Dinner at Eight (1933), Manhattan Melodrama (1934), David Copperfield (1935), Anna Karenina (1935), and Reckless (1935).  Finally in 1936 he leased a corner of the Culver Studios backlot and formed Selznick International Pictures.  His meteoric rise and his productions of A Star Is Born (1937), Nothing Sacred (1937), Intermezzo (1939), Gone with the Wind (1939), and Rebecca (1940) stand as testaments to his talent and his ambition.

The opening title says Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious is "[b]y arrangement with David O. Selznick."  Selznick had contracted the key components of what would become Notorious—director Alfred Hitchcock, actors Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman, and writer Ben Hecht.  He sold the rights to the project to R.K.O. Studios for $800,000 and 50% of the profits so he could fund his own pet project, Duel in the Sun (1946), starring Gregory Peck and the next Mrs. Selznick, the ravishing Jennifer Jones.

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Notorious is part of The Criterion Collection (#137).

Screenshot for the Week of 01 February 2021: "THE GRADUATE" (1967)

The Graduate (1967) is a masterpiece and a landmark in American cinema.  It was, the last I checked, required viewing in film classes across the U.S.  Except, possibly, the music (fine songs, but weak connection to the film; apologies to Simon & Garfunkel fans), every aspect of The Graduate—the camerawork and art direction, the symbolism, the use of light, the script and dialogue, the casting and the performances, the direction—is first rate.

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The Director of Photography on The Graduate was Robert Surtees (b. 1906, d. 1985), a true artist whose outstanding work stretches from the Golden Age to the Modern Era.  Although I consider his work on The Graduate to be his finest, …

 … Surtees is best known for Ben-Hur (1959), for which he won the third of his three Oscars.  (He received fourteen Oscar nominations in his career).

I consider The Graduate to be his pinnacle because both the indoor and outdoor camerawork are outstanding, something that can't be said of Ben-Hur.  His interiors on that film are unremarkable.  In The Graduate, his interiors—which rely more on angles and light and creative thinking—are just as artistic, just as inspired, as the exteriors.

The exterior scenes of Ben-Hur are spectacular, but the venue and epic landscape easily lend themselves to spectacular cinematography.  The exterior scenes of The Graduate didn't get that kind of geographic head start and, frankly, they didn't need it.  Surtees's true talent was demonstrated by making shots of a front-yard shrub and a backyard swimming pool, as well as an airport terminal, a young man's bedroom, a hotel lobby, a drive-in hamburger diner, a church sanctuary, and the backseat of a bus just as mesmerizing as a chariot racetrack.

His credits also include Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944), King Solomon's Mines (1950) [Oscar], Quo Vadis (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) [Oscar], Mogambo (1953), Oklahoma! (1956), Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), PT-109 (1963), The Collector (1965), The Hallelujah Trail (1965), Doctor Doolittle (1967), Summer of '42 (1971), The Last Picture Show (1971), The Cowboys (1972), and The Sting (1973).

Robert Surtees is the only cinematographer to have received two Oscar nominations in the same year—The Last Picture Show and Summer of '42, both for 1971.

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No American leading man has portrayed as many disparate characters as Dustin Hoffman—Benjamin Braddock (The Graduate); Ratso Rizzo (Midnight Cowboy); Jack Crabb (Little Big Man); Louis Dega (Papillon); Lenny Bruce (Lenny); Carl Bernstein (All the President's Men); Ted Kramer (Kramer vs. Kramer); Michael Dorsey and Dorothy Michaels (Tootsie); Willy Loman (Death of a Salesman); Raymond Babbitt (Rain Man); Mumbles (Dick Tracy); Stanley Motts (Wag the Dog); Bernie Focker (Meet the Fockers)—and no two of these characters are alike.

Hoffman refused to be a part of the Hollywood scene early in his career.  He didn't attend awards shows, he didn't grant interviews, and when a reporter would shove a microphone in front of his face he usually said something surly.  I suspect the aftermath of the premiere of The Graduate weighed heavily on him.

Hoffman was a shy man.  He was new to movies, and yet he had to carry the film as the central character, appearing in every scene, the success of the film seemingly riding on his back.  And then, from the premiere of The Graduate—instantly becoming a smash hit—it quickly became a cultural touchtone for a generation of middle class youths who felt alienated by the materialistic and soulless world of their parents.  The Graduate was The Catcher in the Rye on film, and Benjamin Braddock was Holden Caulfield.  Young people related to Benjamin and found Benjamin in Hoffman.  All of a sudden, Hoffman went from a nobody to someone who couldn't go anywhere without being recognized, from someone few people called to someone whose phone rang off the hook every single day for months. It all literally overwhelmed him.

He wasn't ready to handle the attention and the instant mass recognition on the street, in restaurants, and in shops.  He wasn't ready to lose his anonymity for the rest of his life.  And at the same time he knew that he hadn't paid his dues as an actor.  He was suffocating under the onslaught of fans and feeling resentful of it and at the same time feeling unworthy of it.

Over the years he more than paid his dues.  He adjusted to his celebrity and to Hollywood's expectations, and he came to embrace all of them.

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Mike Nichols (b. 1931, d. 2014) was one of our greatest directors.  When someone famous in the film industry dies, the news always touches me and sometimes it even pains me.  But the day Mike Nichols died, a pall fell across our house.  It was identical to the pall cast over our house when Roger Ebert died the year before. (Ironically, Ebert had a completly different take on this film from mine. In his view, Mrs. Robinson is the only worthwhile character,  and Benjamin is a fool for dumping her in favor of Elaine. Ebert also disliked the ''arty" cinematography.)

From 1955 to 1958, Mike Nichols was one of the members of an improv troupe in Chicago, Compass Players.  It included Shelley Berman and Ed Asner, and it used as its performance starter a set of theatre games taught at improv classes. In 1959, Compass Players broke up and some of them formed what became a world famous comedy launching pad, Second City.  Meanwhile, Nichols had left the troupe in 1958 to go to New York with his new improv partner, Elaine May, whom he met in a chance encounter at a train station.  "Nichols and May" performed in the club circuit for only three years, from 1958 to 1961, but they earned a reputation as the hippest comedy act in the country.

Nichols holds the record for most Tony Awards for directing—six.  His Broadway credits include The Odd Couple, Barefoot in the Park, Plaza Suite, Prisoner of Second Avenue, Uncle Vanya, Streamers, The Gin Game, and Monty Python's Spamalot.

His film credits include Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), The Graduate, Catch-22 (1970), Carnal Knowledge (1971), Silkwood (1983), Working Girl (1987), Biloxi Blues (1988), Postcards from the Edge (1990), The Birdcage (1996), and Primary Colors (1998).

At the age of 56, he married TV newswoman Diane Sawyer.  They quickly became one of the A-list couples in New York's social circuit.

Mike Nichols won an Oscar for his work on this movie, the only Oscar The Graduate earned.  His direction of it also won a BAFTA and a Golden Globe.  In addition, the Directors Guild of America and the New York Film Critics Circle both named him Best Director of 1967. 

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Buck Henry played the hotel clerk in the movie.  But he also co-wrote the screenplay.  When my wife and I first saw The Graduate I recognized his name from the zany prime-time TV show he and Mel Brooks wrote, one of my favorite shows as a kid, Get Smart, with Don Adams as Secret Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as 99, and Ed Platt as the Chief.  I later came to know him from his many appearances on TV shows and in other movies.

We saw The Graduate at the Sherman Theatre on Ventura Blvd. in Sherman Oaks.  Early in the movie, Bejamin's mother, played by Elizabeth Wilson, tries to convince him to attend his own party with: "The Carlsons are here.  They came all the way from Tarzana!"  We were sitting about four miles from Tarzana when she said it, and that line got one of the biggest laughs of the night.  It was helped by Wilson's delivery, as if driving to the Braddocks' Pasadena home "all the way from Tarzana" had been a major ordeal.  Pasadena is only 20 miles from Tarzana and connected by the Ventura Freeway, then with moderate 55 mph (maximum speed nationwide) traffic on weekends.  But Wilson inflected it as if the Carlsons were coming all the way from behind the Iron Curtain.

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The Graduate was the highest-grossing movie of 1967 and is available on disc from The Criterion Collection (#800).  It was named to the National Film Registry in 1996.  It ranks number 17 on the American Film Institute's Top 100 films.